Ruger serial numbers seem to have a three digit prefix. 123-xxx... Does the three digit prefix indicate a particular model or some such?
Yes, the prefix "series" represents a particular series of firearm in Ruger's lineup. In 1969 the following prefixes were assigned as a result of GCA '68 which stated that any firearm of a particular manufacture had to have its own serial number sequence... no more starting at the common serial number 1 for a new series and running upward (The Blackpowder Old Army was the exception).
So in 1969 you got the following...
10- Standard and Mark I pistols
20- Single-Sixes, fixed sights (Old Model)
30- .357 Blackhawks (Old Model)
40- .41 Blackhawks (Old Model)
45- .45 Blackhawks (Old Model)
50- .30 Blackhawks (Old Model)
60- Super Single-Sixes, adj. sights (Old Model)
70- M77's
80- Super Blackhawks (Old Model)
90- Bearcats (Old Model)
100- .44 Carbines
110- 10/22 Carbines
130- Number 1 rifles
After 1969 as New series were introduced, they would just pick a unique serial number prefix.
For the 10/22, numbers ran from 110-00001 through 129-99999 then they had to go somewhere else because the #1 rifle was already in the 130- sequence, so 10/22's jumped to 230-00001.
And so on for other new introduced series, or if one series ran out of numbers they would go to the next available prefix sequence.
Chet15